Small molecules and sterile generics
API synthesis, tablets and sterile vials. The 2023 cisplatin and carboplatin shortage and the BCG shortage are the worked examples.
Manufacturing map
30 sites, 19 of them contract manufacturers: 7 conjugate ADCs, 9 make cell therapies, 7 produce medical isotopes. Below the map, 7 supply chains trace 38 manufacturing technologies and 85 makers from raw material to the medicine or machine at the end.
30 sites
Dot colour is the site's main capability; size is how many capabilities it has. Click a dot to jump to its row. · Click the map, then scroll to zoom. Drag to pan.Pinch to zoom, drag to pan.
ADC conjugationPayload and linker chemistryAntibody drug substanceViral vectorCell therapyPlasmid DNA and mRNARadioisotope productionRadiopharmaceutical manufacturingFill and finish
| Site | Operator | Capabilities | What the operator says it does | Customers and products | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lonza Visp Visp, CH | Lonza Contract manufacturer | ADC conjugationPayload and linker chemistryAntibody drug substance | Lonza's bioconjugation centre: clinical and commercial ADC conjugation suites alongside highly potent payload chemistry and mammalian drug substance, expanded in 2023 and 2024. | not public | Lonza bioconjugates |
| WuXi XDC Wuxi Wuxi, CN | WuXi XDC Contract manufacturer | ADC conjugationPayload and linker chemistryAntibody drug substanceFill and finish | The largest ADC CDMO by project count; integrated antibody, linker-payload, conjugation and fill-finish under one roof. Most China-origin ADCs licensed to Western pharma were made here during development. | not public | WuXi XDC |
| WuXi XDC Singapore Singapore, SG | WuXi XDC Contract manufacturer | ADC conjugationFill and finish | First ex-China site, built to give Western customers a supply chain outside mainland China; announced 2023, in operation from 2025 to 2026. | not public | WuXi XDC |
| Samsung Biologics ADC facility Incheon (Songdo), KR | Samsung Biologics Contract manufacturer | ADC conjugationAntibody drug substance | Dedicated ADC conjugation facility opened at the end of 2024 next to the world's largest antibody drug-substance campus. | not public | Samsung Biologics |
| Abzena Sanford Sanford, North Carolina, US | Abzena Contract manufacturer | ADC conjugationAntibody drug substance | US bioconjugation and biologics campus; Abzena also runs ADC chemistry in Bristol, Pennsylvania. | not public | Abzena |
| Piramal Pharma Solutions Grangemouth Grangemouth, GB | Piramal Pharma Solutions Contract manufacturer | ADC conjugation | One of the longest-running commercial ADC conjugation sites in Europe; payload and linker chemistry sits at Piramal's Riverview, Michigan plant. | not public | Piramal Pharma Solutions ADC |
| Catalent Bloomington Bloomington, Indiana, US | Catalent (Novo Holdings) Contract manufacturer | Antibody drug substanceFill and finish | Large biologics drug-substance and sterile fill-finish campus; one of three Catalent sites transferred to Novo Nordisk in the 2024 Novo Holdings acquisition. | not public | Catalent Biologics |
| FUJIFILM Diosynth Holly Springs Holly Springs, North Carolina, US | FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies Contract manufacturer | Antibody drug substanceFill and finish | Large-scale mammalian cell culture campus opened in 2025; sister sites in Hillerød (Denmark) and Billingham (UK). | not public | FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies |
| Daiichi Sankyo Hiratsuka Hiratsuka, JP | Daiichi Sankyo In-house | ADC conjugationPayload and linker chemistry | Daiichi Sankyo's DXd ADC conjugation and payload site, expanded repeatedly since 2020 to meet Enhertu demand. | not public | Daiichi Sankyo manufacturing |
| Kite El Segundo El Segundo, California, US | Kite (Gilead) In-house | Cell therapy | Kite's first commercial CAR-T plant; with Frederick (Maryland) and Hoofddorp (Netherlands) it gives Kite the largest in-house cell therapy network. | not public | Kite manufacturing |
| Kite Frederick Frederick, Maryland, US | Kite (Gilead) In-house | Cell therapyViral vector | Commercial CAR-T manufacturing with in-house lentiviral vector production. | not public | Kite manufacturing |
| Kite Hoofddorp Hoofddorp, NL | Kite (Gilead) In-house | Cell therapy | European CAR-T manufacturing for Yescarta and Tecartus. | not public | Kite manufacturing |
| Novartis Morris Plains Morris Plains, New Jersey, US | Novartis In-house | Cell therapy | The first commercial CAR-T plant (Kymriah, 2017); Novartis also makes Kymriah in Stein (Switzerland) and through partners in Japan and Australia. | not public | Novartis cell therapy |
| Bristol Myers Squibb Devens Devens, Massachusetts, US | Bristol Myers Squibb In-house | Cell therapyAntibody drug substance | Cell therapy manufacturing added to a large biologics campus; BMS also makes CAR-T in Summit (New Jersey) and Leiden (Netherlands) and buys vector from partners. | not public | BMS manufacturing |
| Legend Biotech and Janssen Raritan Raritan, New Jersey, US | Legend Biotech with Johnson & Johnson In-house | Cell therapy | Carvykti's main US plant; capacity expansion here and at the Ghent (Belgium) site was the constraint on Carvykti supply in 2023 and 2024. | Legend Biotech | |
| Legend Biotech Ghent (Tech Lane) Ghent, BE | Legend Biotech with Johnson & Johnson In-house | Cell therapy | European Carvykti manufacturing, licensed for commercial supply from 2024. | Legend Biotech | |
| Cellares Smart Factory South San Francisco, California, US | Cellares Contract manufacturer | Cell therapy | Automated Cell Shuttle platform sold as manufacturing-as-a-service; announced agreements with Bristol Myers Squibb (2024) and Kite (2025). A second Smart Factory is planned in New Jersey. | Cellares | |
| Oxford Biomedica Oxbox Oxford, GB | Oxford Biomedica Contract manufacturer | Viral vector | Lentiviral vector CDMO; long-standing supplier of the vector for Kymriah. Additional sites in Bedford (Massachusetts) and Lyon (France). | Oxford Biomedica | |
| Aldevron Fargo Fargo, North Dakota, US | Aldevron (Danaher) Contract manufacturer | Plasmid DNA and mRNA | GMP plasmid DNA and mRNA raw materials for vector and cell therapy makers; the plasmid supplier behind many CAR-T programmes. | not public | Aldevron |
| Miltenyi Biotec Bergisch Gladbach, DE | Miltenyi Biotec Contract manufacturer | Cell therapyViral vector | Maker of the CliniMACS Prodigy closed-system platform used for point-of-care and academic CAR-T manufacturing, plus vector and GMP reagents. | not public | Miltenyi Biotec |
| ITM Garching Garching, DE | ITM Isotope Technologies Munich Contract manufacturer | Radioisotope productionRadiopharmaceutical manufacturing | The largest producer of non-carrier-added lutetium-177 (EndolucinBeta), supplied to most Lu-177 developers, plus ITM's own radiopharmaceuticals. | ITM | |
| Novartis Millburn Millburn, New Jersey, US | Novartis In-house | Radiopharmaceutical manufacturing | US radioligand therapy plant; with Indianapolis (Indiana), Zaragoza (Spain) and Ivrea (Italy) it forms the network that ended the 2022 to 2023 Pluvicto shortages. | Novartis radioligand manufacturing | |
| Novartis Indianapolis Indianapolis, Indiana, US | Novartis In-house | Radiopharmaceutical manufacturing | Second US Pluvicto site, opened 2024, roughly doubling US radioligand capacity. | Novartis radioligand manufacturing | |
| Novartis Zaragoza Zaragoza, ES | Novartis In-house | Radiopharmaceutical manufacturing | European radioligand site; also supplied the US during the 2023 shortage. | Novartis radioligand manufacturing | |
| Orano Med Plano Plano, Texas, US | Orano Med Contract manufacturer | Radioisotope productionRadiopharmaceutical manufacturing | Lead-212 production from thorium-228 generators; the Brownsburg (Indiana) ATLab, opened 2024 to 2025, is the industrial-scale Pb-212 plant. | Orano Med | |
| TerraPower Isotopes Philadelphia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US | TerraPower Isotopes Contract manufacturer | Radioisotope production | Actinium-225 from thorium-229 stock; a new plant under construction is described by the company as a roughly twenty-fold increase in capacity. | not public | TerraPower Isotopes |
| Eckert & Ziegler Berlin Berlin, DE | Eckert & Ziegler Contract manufacturer | Radioisotope productionRadiopharmaceutical manufacturing | Lutetium-177, gallium-68 generators and cyclotron-produced actinium-225 for contract customers. | not public | Eckert & Ziegler |
| Curium Petten Petten, NL | Curium Contract manufacturer | Radioisotope productionRadiopharmaceutical manufacturing | Reactor-adjacent isotope processing (molybdenum-99, lutetium-177) next to the High Flux Reactor; Curium also runs a large radiopharmaceutical site in St Louis, Missouri. | not public | Curium |
| NorthStar Medical Radioisotopes Beloit Beloit, Wisconsin, US | NorthStar Medical Radioisotopes Contract manufacturer | Radioisotope productionRadiopharmaceutical manufacturing | Accelerator-based (non-reactor) isotope production including photonuclear actinium-225 and copper-67, plus contract radiopharmaceutical manufacturing. | not public | NorthStar Medical Radioisotopes |
| SHINE Technologies Janesville Janesville, Wisconsin, US | SHINE Technologies Contract manufacturer | Radioisotope production | Non-carrier-added lutetium-177 production and an accelerator-driven molybdenum-99 plant under commissioning. | not public | SHINE Technologies |
Why capacity is a bottleneck
A radiopharmaceutical is made in hours, not months: the nuclide is produced in a reactor, a cyclotron or a generator, labelled onto a ligand in a shielded hot cell, released on a shortened quality-control panel and driven or flown to the clinic before it decays. That collapses the usual pharmaceutical supply chain into one integrated site — and makes isotope production and same-week logistics the binding constraints rather than bulk drug substance. See the therapy isotope supply chain and the isotope supply tracker.
Most China-origin ADCs licensed to Western companies were made at WuXi XDC; the Singapore site and the new Lonza, Samsung Biologics and Abzena suites are the supply-chain response.
Sourcing
Each site links to the operator’s own facility page or announcement. Capacity is described in the operator’s words; volumes appear only where they have been published. Customers are listed only for publicly announced relationships, so most contract sites show none. Coordinates are the city.
Capabilities: ADC conjugation, Payload and linker chemistry, Antibody drug substance, Viral vector, Cell therapy, Plasmid DNA and mRNA, Radioisotope production, Radiopharmaceutical manufacturing, Fill and finish. Add a site in src/data/manufacturing.ts.
Supply chains
Each card is one chain, read left to right: the manufacturing steps in order, the companies that run them, and the medicines or machines that depend on them. Shortages and recalls are recorded on the technology pages with their FDA or ASHP sources; inspection findings appear only as a class, see the GMP record. The 2023 platinum shortage is worked through in the sterile generics record.
Biologics: antibodies and biosimilars
CHO cell culture, Protein A purification, single-use plants and fill-finish, and the biosimilar copies that cut prices.
Makers (0)
Products at the end of the chain (2)
Antibody-drug conjugates
Antibody, payload-linker in containment, bioconjugation and lyophilised fill: four sites for one vial.
Makers (2)
Products at the end of the chain (0)
Cell therapy
Apheresis, vector, closed manufacturing, cryopreservation and chain of identity, release testing, point of care and allogeneic banks.
Steps (0)
Makers (2)
Products at the end of the chain (0)
mRNA and plasmid
Plasmid templates, enzymes and cap analogues, in vitro transcription, lipid nanoparticles, and a one-patient batch for each personalised vaccine.
Makers (1)
Products at the end of the chain (0)
Radiopharmaceuticals and isotopes
Research reactors for lutetium and molybdenum, cyclotrons for fluorine, gallium and copper, generators, the actinium scramble, and release of a drug that decays.
Steps (9)
- 1Research reactors for medical isotopes (Mo-99, Lu-177, I-131)
- 2Cyclotron isotope production (F-18, Ga-68, Cu-64, Zr-89, At-211)
- 3Radionuclide generators and cold kits
- 4Actinium-225 supply: thorium stocks, accelerators and radium targets
- 5Therapeutic isotope supply chain (Mo-99, Lu-177, Ac-225)
- 6Radiopharmaceutical GMP and releasing a drug that decays
- 7Radiopharmacy and cyclotron networks
- 8PET tracer manufacturing and distribution
- 9Medical cyclotrons, hot cells, and synthesis modules
Makers (18)
NovartisCuriumITM Isotope Technologies MunichIRE (Institut national des Radioéléments)NTP RadioisotopesANSTO (Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation)Nordion (Sotera Health)Eckert & ZieglerSHINE TechnologiesNorthStar Medical RadioisotopesTerraPower IsotopesNusanoIsotopia Molecular ImagingOrano MedTelix PharmaceuticalsLantheusPETNET Solutions (Siemens Healthineers)Cardinal Health Nuclear & Precision Health Solutions
Machines: linacs, proton systems and scanners
The factories that build linear accelerators, brachytherapy afterloaders, proton systems and CT, MRI and PET scanners, and the service networks that keep them running.