{"entity":{"id":"ga-68","kind":"isotope","name":"Gallium-68","aka":["68Ga"],"tldr":"A radioactive metal with a one-hour lifetime that is eluted from a shielded generator or made on a cyclotron and attached to a molecule that finds tumours, giving a PET scan the same day.","summary":"Gallium-68 decays with a 67.7-minute half-life, mostly by positron emission, and is the diagnostic half of two of the most important theranostic pairs in oncology: 68Ga-DOTATATE/DOTATOC paired with 177Lu-DOTATATE for neuroendocrine tumours, and 68Ga-PSMA-11 paired with 177Lu-PSMA-617 or 225Ac-PSMA for prostate cancer.\n\nIt is traditionally produced by eluting a 68Ge/68Ga generator, where the 270.8-day parent 68Ge is fixed to a column and decays continuously; the daughter is washed off with dilute acid on demand. Commercial GMP generators (Eckert & Ziegler, IRE, ITG) top out at 1.85-3.7 GBq per elution, and lead times for new units have historically run to 18 months, which constrained the launch of PSMA PET in the late 2010s. A cyclotron route, direct 68Zn(p,n)68Ga irradiation of a liquid or solid target, produces roughly a curie per run against a generator's 40-50 mCi and has been promoted by the IAEA since a 2019 technical document and a 2020 coordinated research project as the way to relieve that bottleneck.\n\nBy the mid-2020s the practical supply picture had eased: Eckert & Ziegler expanded generator manufacturing capacity after a 2017 germanium shortage, and cyclotron-produced 68Ga (including for PSMA-11) is now used at large centres alongside the F-18-labelled PSMA alternatives (Pylarify, PSMA-1007, flotufolastat) that took share once generator lead times became a launch constraint.","status":"established","asOf":"2026-09-22","links":[{"label":"IAEA: cyclotron-based gallium-68 for cancer detection (2024)","url":"https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/alternatives-for-accessing-lifesaving-diagnostic-radioisotopes-cyclotron-based-gallium-68-for-cancer-detection"},{"label":"PMC: Current status of the production and supply of gallium-68","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32196363/"},{"label":"IAEA TE-2127: good management practices of cyclotron-based Ga-68 production","url":"https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/TE-2127web.pdf"},{"label":"Applied Radiation Oncology: nuclear medicine prepares for greater 68Ga demand (2021)","url":"https://www.appliedradiationoncology.com/articles/nuclear-medicine-prepares-for-greater-68ga-demand"}],"tags":["positron emitter","generator","theranostic pair"],"related":["ga68-dotatate","ga68-psma-11","illuccix","locametz","ge-68"],"indications":[],"sections":[],"technologies":["sstr-pet","psma-pet","pet","radionuclide-generators-kits","cyclotron-isotope-production"],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":["eckert-ziegler","ire","isotopia","telix","novartis"],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"symbol":"68Ga","element":"Gallium","massNumber":68,"halfLife":"67.7 minutes","emissions":["β+ 89% (max 1.90 MeV)","electron capture 11%","annihilation γ 511 keV"],"emissionClass":"positron","use":"imaging","production":"68Ge/68Ga generator (elution with dilute HCl) or cyclotron 68Zn(p,n)68Ga on enriched zinc-68 liquid or solid target.","supply":"adequate","supplyNote":"Generator lead times of up to 18 months and a 2017 germanium shortage constrained supply during the PSMA PET launch; expanded generator manufacturing (Eckert & Ziegler GalliaPharm/GeGant) and IAEA-promoted cyclotron production (roughly 1 Ci per run versus 40-50 mCi per generator elution) have since relieved the bottleneck.","chelators":["DOTA","NOTA","HBED-CC"],"pairedWith":["lu-177","ac-225"],"since":2016},"route":"/isotopes/ga-68/","neighbours":{"drug":[{"id":"choline-c11","kind":"drug","name":"Choline C-11","route":"/drugs/choline-c11/"},{"id":"cu-64-dotatate","kind":"drug","name":"Copper-64 dotatate","route":"/drugs/cu-64-dotatate/"},{"id":"cu-64-sar-bispsma","kind":"drug","name":"Copper-64 SAR-bisPSMA","route":"/drugs/cu-64-sar-bispsma/"},{"id":"fap-2286","kind":"drug","name":"FAP-2286 (177Lu / 68Ga)","route":"/drugs/fap-2286/"},{"id":"florastamin-f18","kind":"drug","name":"Florastamin F-18","route":"/drugs/florastamin-f18/"},{"id":"flotufolastat","kind":"drug","name":"Flotufolastat F-18","route":"/drugs/flotufolastat/"},{"id":"fluciclovine-f18","kind":"drug","name":"Fluciclovine 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glycoprotein)","route":"/targets/tpbg-5t4/"},{"id":"bradykinin-b1-receptor","kind":"target","name":"Bradykinin B1 receptor (B1R)","route":"/targets/bradykinin-b1-receptor/"},{"id":"caix","kind":"target","name":"CAIX (carbonic anhydrase IX)","route":"/targets/caix/"},{"id":"cck2-receptor","kind":"target","name":"CCK2 receptor (gastrin receptor)","route":"/targets/cck2-receptor/"},{"id":"cldn18-2","kind":"target","name":"Claudin-18.2","route":"/targets/cldn18-2/"},{"id":"cxcr4","kind":"target","name":"CXCR4","route":"/targets/cxcr4/"},{"id":"fap","kind":"target","name":"FAP","route":"/targets/fap/"},{"id":"grpr","kind":"target","name":"GRPR (gastrin-releasing peptide receptor)","route":"/targets/grpr/"},{"id":"integrin-avb3","kind":"target","name":"Integrin αvβ3","route":"/targets/integrin-avb3/"},{"id":"sstr2","kind":"target","name":"Somatostatin receptor 2","route":"/targets/sstr2/"},{"id":"upar","kind":"target","name":"uPAR (urokinase plasminogen activator 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