# Hot cells and radiation shielding

Source: https://nuclide.cc/technologies/hot-cells-and-shielding/  
Nuclide record `hot-cells-and-shielding` (Technology). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from Nuclide (nuclide.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Radioactive drugs are made and handled behind thick walls of lead, tungsten or concrete inside sealed, negative-pressure boxes with built-in robot arms, so the radiation stays contained and staff outside stay safe.

## Summary

A hot cell is a sealed, negative-pressure, lead- or lead-and-steel-shielded enclosure, commonly fitted with leaded-glass viewing windows, mechanical manipulator arms or gloved arm-ports, HEPA/charcoal filtration and an integrated dose calibrator, used to contain the synthesis, dispensing and quality control of radiopharmaceuticals at activities that would otherwise give unacceptable doses to staff. Shielding thickness is calculated from the photon energy of the radionuclides handled and the required dose-reduction factor, expressed in half-value layers (HVL) or tenth-value layers (TVL): a few millimetres of lead attenuates the 140 keV gammas of Tc-99m, while the 511 keV annihilation photons from F-18 or other positron emitters need much thicker, dedicated high-density shielding (lead HVL around 4-5 mm at 511 keV, tenth-value layer around 15 mm), and Lu-177 and Ac-225 handling for therapeutic radiopharmacy needs shielding tailored to their specific gamma and bremsstrahlung emissions.

Source-side shielding (L-blocks, tungsten syringe and vial 'pig' shields, shielded transport containers) is generally more efficient than adding thickness to room walls, because it shields at the point of highest dose rate; tungsten's higher density (19.3 g/cm3 vs lead's 11.3 g/cm3) allows more compact shields where space near the operator is constrained, while lead remains the more economical choice for large, fixed room barriers. PET/F-18 radiopharmacies, I-131 therapy areas and Lu-177/Ac-225 handling suites each need shielding, ventilation and workflow (receipt, storage, dispensing, waste) sized to their specific radionuclide mix, and every hot cell installation is verified by a post-construction radiation survey against the physicist's calculated design goals before use.

## Fields

- Kind: Technology
- Last checked: 2026-09-22
- Also known as: hot cell; L-block; radiopharmacy shielding
- Tags: radiation safety; manufacturing; GMP
- Principle: Dense materials (lead, tungsten, concrete) placed between the radioactive source and people attenuate the emitted photons exponentially with thickness; the required thickness is calculated from the isotope's photon energy and the desired dose reduction, and is applied first at the source (syringe and vial shields, sealed hot-cell walls) because shielding close to a small source is far more efficient than shielding a whole room.
- Since: Hot cell technology adapted from radiochemistry/nuclear industry practice through the 1960s-1980s; PET-specific high-density shielding from the 1990s-2000s

## Sources

- Nuclear medicine hot lab design and safety, half-value-layer/tenth-value-layer shielding calculations: https://www.diagnosticradphys.com/physicspulse/medical-health-physics/nuclear-medicine-hot-lab-design/
- Design and construction of a radiochemistry laboratory: hot cell and shielded-trench case study (Pharmaceuticals 2024): https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/6/680
- Robatel Technologies: radiopharmaceutical hot cells and casks, isotope-specific shielding overview: https://robateltech.com/radiopharmaceutical-hot-cells-casks/

## Connected records

- technologies: [Automated synthesis modules](https://nuclide.cc/technologies/automated-synthesis-modules/), [Gamma probes, handheld gamma cameras and dose calibrators](https://nuclide.cc/technologies/gamma-probes-dose-calibrators/), [Radiopharmaceutical GMP and releasing a drug that decays](https://nuclide.cc/technologies/radiopharmaceutical-gmp-release/)
- isotopes: [Actinium-225](https://nuclide.cc/isotopes/ac-225/), [Fluorine-18](https://nuclide.cc/isotopes/f-18/), [Iodine-131](https://nuclide.cc/isotopes/i-131/), [Lutetium-177](https://nuclide.cc/isotopes/lu-177/), [Technetium-99m](https://nuclide.cc/isotopes/tc-99m/)

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