# Hot lab and shielded treatment room capacity

Source: https://nuclide.cc/bottlenecks/b-hot-lab-capacity/  
Nuclide record `b-hot-lab-capacity` (Bottleneck). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from Nuclide (nuclide.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Even where the radioactive medicine itself is available, giving it to a patient needs a specially shielded room, lead-lined equipment, and a toilet that can hold radioactive waste safely. Most hospitals only have one or two of these set up, which limits how many patients they can treat each week.

## Summary

Administering a radioligand therapy such as 177Lu-PSMA-617 or 177Lu-DOTATATE requires a licensed 'hot lab': shielded space for receiving and dispensing the dose, a dose calibrator, syringe shields and pumps, and a decay-storage area for waste and used consumables. A 2021 German capacity analysis estimated the country's nationwide nuclear-medicine therapy bed capacity at around 234,000 treatment-days a year with a reserve of only about 19,000 bed-days (roughly 63 beds), concluding that Lu-177-PSMA therapy could reach that capacity limit in some federal states even before newer indications or additional radiopharmaceuticals are added.

Building a hot lab is expensive and slow: the Netherlands' national innovation ecosystem review describes hot labs costing in the order of millions of euros and taking multiple years to set up, and notes that because they are often designed around a specific radiopharmaceutical, they may not flex to accommodate other products. Some centres, particularly urology clinics starting smaller programmes, have instead converted an existing procedure room into a part-time hot lab (used on designated days each month) with reinforced cabinetry, a second 'hot trash' bin, and a syringe pump and shield -- a lower-cost model that suits a modest caseload but does not scale to high volume.

Manufacturers have partly addressed the manufacturing side of this bottleneck (Novartis added a fourth global production site after Pluvicto's 2022-23 shortage and reports network capacity exceeding 250,000 doses a year), but the administration side -- shielded rooms, decay-tank capacity, and trained staff at the point of care -- has not scaled at the same pace, so treatment slots rather than drug supply are increasingly the limiting step at busy centres.

## Fields

- Kind: Bottleneck
- Last checked: 2026-09-22
- Tags: infrastructure; hot lab; capacity
- Stage: access-delivery
- Severity: major
- Metrics: German nationwide nuclear-medicine therapy bed reserve for Lu-177-PSMA-RLT: ~19,000 of 234,000 bed-days/year (≈63 beds); Novartis global radioligand therapy manufacturing network capacity target: >250,000 doses/year (company figure)
- Causes: Hot labs cost in the order of millions of euros and take years to build, and are often engineered around one specific radiopharmaceutical rather than being flexible to new agents.; Shielded patient rooms and dedicated 'hot' toilets with radioactive-waste decay tanks are a fixed physical constraint at most hospitals, typically only two or three per site.; Nuclear-medicine bed and hot-lab capacity was planned around historic diagnostic and legacy-therapy caseloads, not the scale of demand created by PSMA- and SSTR-directed radioligand therapy.; Manufacturing capacity for the drug product itself has been scaled up faster than administration-site infrastructure, shifting the binding constraint downstream to the point of care.

## Sources

- PSMA radioligand therapy could pose infrastructural challenges for nuclear medicine (German bed-capacity calculation): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33530110/
- How one urology clinic set up a hot lab for a radioligand therapy programme (UroToday): https://www.urotoday.com/video-lectures/practical-aspects-of-operationalizing-lutetium-177-177lu-psma-617-in-the-urology-clinic/video/3623-how-one-urology-clinic-successfully-sets-up-a-hot-lab-for-radioligand-therapy-program-william-oresick.html
- The Dutch innovation ecosystem for nuclear medicine (hot lab cost and scarcity): https://nvng.nl/wp-content/uploads/FAST-rapportage-medische-isotopen_def.pdf
- Radiopharmaceutical supply chain under pressure: can infrastructure keep up with demand?: https://www.scienceandmedicinegroup.com/resource/radiopharmaceutical-supply-chain-under-pressure-can-infrastructure-keep-up-with-demand/

## Connected records

- bottlenecks: [Clinical trial capacity for radioligand therapy](https://nuclide.cc/bottlenecks/b-rlt-trial-capacity/), [Nuclear medicine technologist and physicist workforce](https://nuclide.cc/bottlenecks/b-nuclear-medicine-workforce/), [Radioactive waste handling and disposal regulation](https://nuclide.cc/bottlenecks/b-radioactive-waste-regulation/), [Site readiness and referral pathway delays](https://nuclide.cc/bottlenecks/b-site-readiness-referral/)
- isotopes: [Lutetium-177](https://nuclide.cc/isotopes/lu-177/)
- technologies: [Lutetium-177 radioligand therapy](https://nuclide.cc/technologies/lu177-radioligand-therapy/), [Nuclear medicine and total-body PET hardware](https://nuclide.cc/technologies/nuclear-medicine-hardware/), [Radiopharmaceutical GMP and releasing a drug that decays](https://nuclide.cc/technologies/radiopharmaceutical-gmp-release/), [Radiopharmacy and cyclotron networks](https://nuclide.cc/technologies/radiopharmacy-network/)
- drugs: [Lutetium-177 dotatate](https://nuclide.cc/drugs/lutathera/), [Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan](https://nuclide.cc/drugs/pluvicto/)
- companies: [ITM Isotope Technologies Munich](https://nuclide.cc/companies/itm/), [Novartis](https://nuclide.cc/companies/novartis/)

---
JSON: https://nuclide.cc/api/v1/entities/b-hot-lab-capacity.json